Wapello County, Iowa
History, Records, Facts and Genealogy

Wapello was created on February 17, 1843 (Organized in 18?44) from Unorganized Territory. The County was named for Wapello, a Native American Chief “Wau-ba-law,” “Waupello,” or “Wa-pel-lo.” Chief Wapello was the second-in-command over the combined Sac and Fox Indians in the Black Hawk War. The County Seat is Ottumwa.

Counties adjacent to Wapello County are Mahaska County (northwest), Keokuk County (northeast), Jefferson County (east), Davis County (south), Monroe County (west). Cities and Towns Include Agency, Blakesburg, Chillicothe, Eddyville, Eldon, Kirkville, Ottumwa. Unincorporated communities Include Ashland, Bladensburg, Dahlonega, Phillips, Pickwick, Ottumwa Junction, Rutledge.

The county was opened at midnight on April 30, 1843. Eager settlers camped along the county border; and, at the sound of a shotgun, they raced towards the “New Purchase.” Within a month of this settlement, 5,000 people were living within Wapello’s borders. The county originated in 1844. Three commissioners selected a site for the county seat. It was originally known as Appanoose Rapids, then Louisville. When the settlers arrived, the name was changed to Ottumwanoc, later shortened to the present Ottumwa.

A simple log cabin was the county’s first courthouse. It was not long before it was abandoned in favor of a more suitable building. The first permanent courthouse was a brick structure that cost an estimated $1,000. This building was used until 1855, when it was sold to the Christian Church. During the fall of 1881, Wapello County experienced a gold rush. A speculator claimed he discovered gold along Bear Creek. The prices for land and mineral rights soared until an investigation proved the scheme to be a fraud.

In 1855 the county constructed its second real courthouse. This building was also two stories, but twice the size of the previous building. This building was used until 1891. It was then demolished to make way for the third and current courthouse. In an election, voters approved $100,000 worth of bonds to be used towards the construction of a new courthouse. The cornerstone was laid on September 28, 1892, and it was officially dedicated two years later on May 17, 1894.

Rough cut sandstone was used for the five-story building. A large corner clock tower was part of the original design. In 1950 the clock tower and several chimneys were removed. About 450 tons of bricks were removed to help alleviate stress on the building. At the apex of the building stands an Indian statue representing Chief Wapello. See also County History for more details.

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Extended History

From the A.T. Andreas Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Iowa, 1875

This county derives its name from Wapello, a subordinate chief of the Sac and Fox Indians, who occupied this section of country immediately previous to the advent of the whites. The soil is generally a loam, somewhat firmer than is common in this part of Iowa, and rather less capable of enduring severe drought. The Des Moines River, entering at the northwest corner and passing out at the southeast, traverses the county diagonally, separating it into two nearly equal parts. In the northeast part rolling prairies predominate, and the soil and attendant conditions of culture are better adapted to the needs of the husbandman. In the southwest part much of the surface is hilly and heavily timbered, the soil a firm clay, and a smaller proportion of the entire area susceptible of satisfactory tillage. Wheat, corn, oats, rye and the grasses are the principal crops; potatoes and other vegetables are likewise extensively cultivated. Of fruits, apples and cherries are the more abundantly raised, while peaches, pears and plums rank next in amount and importance.

On May 1, 1843, that part of Iowa west of the west line of Jefferson County, adjoining Wapello County on the east, and which was last in possession of the Sac and Fox Indians, passed pursuant to previous cession into the possession of the United States Government.

Before night of this day several hundred settlers were actually inhabiting the county. The greater part of these had squatted along the line of Wapello County, in Jefferson County, preparatory to passing into Wapello County as soon as midnight of April 30th should arrive, which moment was awaited very impatiently. Prior to May 1, of the year named, whites were not permitted by the terms of the treaty, to settle within the bounds of the "New Purchase." At the exact hour guns were fired to denote the beginning of the duly appointed day. Instantly Wapello County was peopled by busy incomers, who at once made extraordinary preparations to maintain an indisputed right to variously selected parts of the newly acquired soil. New wicamps were built to aid in being accurate with a show of justice; piles of dry wood were fired to mark boundaries by, and torches glared in the midnight gloom as the work of defining and locating claims-each embracing from eighty to three hundred and twenty acres-proceeded by getting stakes in the prairie, and by blazing trees in the timber. Quite naturally much of this work was done very inartistically. Many of the boundary lines were disjointed, others were crooked, and still others encroached one upon another. This state of affairs inevitably led to many disturbances called "claim difficulties," for the peaceable adjustment of which "claim committees" were organized. Thus a claim made and held in good faith, was a sacredly protected as are the firesides of the present inhabitants. The judgment of these crudely formed but necessary tribunals, was enforced by summary process. This process was generally a plain written statement of the opinion of the claim committee, setting forth the right of the injured party and the wrong complained of, and an order to the wrong-doers to comely with the judgment rendered. In default of such compliance the power of the county was invoked to enforce the judgment instantly. From these judgments there was no appeal nor any stay of execution. Obedience to their requirements was therefore customary. Occasionally, however, insubordination was manifested, and the judgment disregarded. When this occurred, war, without any formal declaration, resulted on the spot."THE DAHLONEGA WAR"As an example of these wars, that of the "DAHLONEGA War," is the most conspicuous. It originated with James Woody, who came from near DAHLONEGA, Lumpkin County, Georgia, and was one of the earliest settlers of the county. Having made a claim, now the farm of Enos King, near DAHLONEGA, he sold to Martin Koontz for $200 in gold and received the money. Afterwards, conceiving the price to be inadequate, he repented of the bargain, "jumped" the claim- re-occupied it -and took steps to preempt the land under the laws of Congress. Erecting a cabin thereon, he was warned off; failing to go, the action of the claim committee was invoked, when he was again ordered to surrender possession. His refusal so to do was of course a signal to arms. The friends of Koontz, about sixty in number, well provided with various weapons, repairing to the cabin erected by Woody, and finding him in it, speedily demolished it over his head. This action was quickly followed by his ejectment from the claim. Thereupon, the friends of Woody rallying in turn, between the opposing forces a most desperate fight ensued, in which one of the Woody party was killed. This war was succeeded by an effort on the part of the civil authorities, at the instance of Woody, to inflict upon the leaders of the Koontz party the penalty of outraged law. Wapello County being then attached to Jefferson County, for judicial-but not for military-purposes, process was sued out in the latter county, and placed in the hands of Deputy Sheriff Woodard, who came from Fairfield to make arrests.

On reaching the seat of war, this officer found that men banded together by the strong ties of honor and courage, to protect their rights, were not to be arrested in the ordinary way. Himself unequal to the duty, he summoned to his aid a constable of the town, but without avail. In short, Deputy Sheriff Woodard, instead of arresting the resisting offenders, was himself arrested by them. Keeping him over night, the next morning they brought him out, placed him on his horse, and escorted him to the public square in DAHLONEGA, where, riding around him, with their trusty rifles in hand, they gave him as they passed a most respectful military salute, which he as respectfully returned. This ceremony ended, the captain of the Koontz forces advanced and announced to the officer, that his captors having no further need of his services, he was at liberty to go. When they wanted him again, they would send for him. Should he return until thus summoned, they suggested to him the propriety of executing his last will and testament before leaving home.

Whereupon the officer departed hastily, and was seen thereabouts no more. The prosecutions instituted in Jefferson County against the Koontz men remained undisposed of until Wapello County was organized, when, from some oversight in legislation, Jefferson County lost jurisdiction of the cases, and they were dismissed. Thus ended the "DAHLONEGA War," and its consequences, Woody of course losing the claim.

ORGANIZATION

Pursuant to an act of the Territorial Legislature, approved February 13, 1844, "The County of Wapello" was "organized from and after the first day of March next" thereafter. This act declared that the Clerk of the District Court of the county, aided by the Sheriff of the county-the later officer appointed by the act-should be the organizing officers. The duty of the Clerk-Henry B. Hendershott, was to appoint judges and clerks of election; fix the places of voting; receive, open, and canvass the returns, declare the result, and issue certificates of election. The duty of the Sheriff-James M. Peck, was to post notices of the time and places of holding the election, deliver to the judges and clerks the poll books, etc. The first election was held April 1, 1844, which being "all fools' day," some joking was indulged in, at the expense of the candidates. James. M. Montgomery, Lewis F. Temple, and Charles F. Harrow, were elected County Commissioners; Charles Overman was elected Commissioners' Clerk; Paul C. Jeffries.

Judge of Probate; Joseph Hayne, Sheriff; James Caldwell, Assessor; Thomas Foster, Treasurer; Milton J. Spurlock, Recorder; Hugh George, Surveyor; with a number of Justices and Constables. Of the officers here named, Paul C. Jeffries, now eight-six years of age, Joseph Hoyne, and Thomas Foster are the only survivors. Joseph B. Davis, of Washington County, John H. Randolph, of Henry County, and Solomon Jackson, of Lee County, commissioners for the purpose, appointed by the Territorial Legislature, located the seat of justice for the county, in May, 1844, on the present site of the city of Ottumwa, a short distance south of the geographical center of the county. On the 20th of the same month the Board of County Commissioners, who were at this period the fountain head of justice and equity in the county, convened for the first time for the transaction of business. In June another session was held, when townships were organized, points named where elections should be held, a sale of town lots ordered, and a ferry license granted to J. P. Eddy, then proprietor of Eddyville, which ferry is said to have been the first ferry established in the county. The first tax levied by the board, on the 4th of July, 1844, was as follows: Five mills on all personal property, a poll tax of fifty cents, one mill for territorial purposes, and a road tax of fifteen cents on $100. The first term of the District Court of the United States, within and for the County of Wapello, and Territory of Iowa, was appointed to be held at the court house at Ottumwa, on the 16th of September, 1844. The claim committees that had been appointed by the settlers to arbitrate claims in dispute, could not reconcile matters satisfactorily. Litigants, lawyers, jurors and dram-sellers therefore looked forward to this term of court with much interest, expecting to be benefited thereby in more ways than one. On the first day of the term, the Judge, Hon. Charles Mason, of Burlington, failed to appear. The old red coach that weekly brought the mail, brought no intelligence of him on the second day. As whiskey was cheap and business stagnant with lawyers and claimants, they exhibited their muscles in a free fight. On the third day Judge Mason arrived and the court was duly organized. The officers in attendance were Henry B. Hendershott, Clerk, and Joseph Hayne, Sheriff.The persons summoned as Grand Jurors at this term were James Wier, George W. Knight, Seth Ogg, Robert H. Ivers, Thomas H. Pendleton, Henry Smith, William Brin, Lewis F. Temple, John Humphreys, Martin Fisher, Paul C. Jeffries, John Fuller, Findley Lindsey, William Pritchett, William C. McIntire, John Clark, James R. Boggs, John Kirkpatrick, John Murray, Isam Garrett, Shannon Hackney, Philaster Lee and Thomas Wright. William A. Winsell, Peter Barnett, Richard Fisher and Jacob T. Hackney, talesmen, were added to the jury to supply in part vacancies occasioned by the non-attendance of Messrs. Ivers, Fisher, Fuller, Clark and Kirkpatrick. James Wier was appointed foreman, and George B. Warden, bailiff in charge. Thus opened the first term of the first district court, both on the part of the Territory of Iowa, to administer the laws of the Territory, and on the part of the United States to administer the laws of Congress.

The sessions of the court were held in a building constructed of smooth hewn logs, a story and a half high, with windows and doors, and a roof covered with shingles; situated on the lot where the First National Bank of Ottumwa now stands.

CIRCUIT COURT. - The first term of the Circuit Court of Wapello County opened at the Court House in Ottumwa, March 8, 1869, at two o'clock in the afternoon. Present, Honorable Robert Sloan, of Keosauqua, Van Buren County, judge; Thomas Bedwell, sheriff; and L. M. Godley, clerk. Without transacting any business the court adjourned until the next morning. The first cause that appears to have received judicial notice at this term was that of "Alfred H. Nice vs. D. H. Chilcote and T. B. Chilcote. Petition at law." On motion it was stricken from the docket. The first case in which a judgment was rendered, at the same term, was a suit upon an account, entitled "William W. Paul vs. T. C. Woodward." Judgment by default was rendered in favor of the plaintiff for $1,017.69 and costs. Isaac Rogers, W. S. Carter, A. Emory, Henry Canfield, M. M. Lane, Jr., R. D. Williams, Joseph Luder, William Reeves, Sr., Harvey Tindall, Isaac Logan, Samuel Ryan and W. F. Lyon were the first petit jurors empaneled; in the case of "Lawrence & Chambers vs. J. H. Ward and the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad Company," W. S. Carter was foreman of the jury. The suit was brought to recover the value of a sack of coffee delivered by the plaintiffs, at the freight house of defendants, at Ottumwa, and lost. The jury found for the plaintiffs and assessed the damages at thirty-eight dollars and seventy-eight cents.

NEWSPAPERS. - The pioneer newspaper of the county was the Des Moines Courier, the first number of which was issued August 8th, 1848. J. H. D. Street and R. H. Warden, the publishers, with an ox team transported the press from Keokuk to Ottumwa. It was started as a Whig organ, with a circulation less than two hundred, and was at the time the most western paper in the United States. In January, 1851, Mr. Warden became sole proprietor, and so remained until December, 1855, when he was succeeded by James W. Norris, who in the Summer of 1866 was in turn succeeded by N. D. Musselman, W. H. Caldwell, and W. C. Holden. In August, 1869, Gen. John M. Hedrick and Maj. Augustus H. Hamilton, the former present United States Supervisor of Internal Revenue for the District of Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming and Dacotah, and the latter present Postmaster of Ottumwa, acquired the existing proprietorship. In January, 1857, by the substitution of the prefix Ottumwa, for that of "Des Moines," the title of the courier was partially changed. A daily edition, started April 5th, 1865, has a large and increasing circulation.As a consistent and persistent exponent, under all proprietors, first of Whig and since of Republican politics, the Courier has ever exerted in the county and state an influence greater than is commonly exerted by local journals. The second newspaper in the county was entitled the Des Moines Republic. It was published at Ottumwa, by James Baker & Co. and the first number was issued in July, 1850. In less than two years thereafter it had passed out of existence. The immediate successor of the Des Moines Republic was the Ottumwa Democratic Statesman, in 1858, of which G. D. R. Boyd was the publisher. J. H. D. Street next conducted it awhile, then- in 1861- H. B. Hendershott and E. L. Burton, who changed the name to that of the Ottumwa Democratic Union. In 1862 Mr. Hendershott retired, and S. B. Evans, now of the Ottumwa Democrat, became associated with Mr. Burton in its conduct. Thereupon a further change of name occurred, that of Democratic Mecury being substituted for that of Democratic Union. In the Winter of 1863-4 Mr. Evans retired, and S. H. Burton united with his brother, E. L. Burton, in the publication of the paper. In October, 1865, the latter Mr. Burton gave place to Russell Higgins, and he to Mr. Evans again, in the following month of November. In March 1868, Mr. Evans a second time, and finally severed his connection with the Mercury leaving Mr. S. H. Burton sole editor and proprietor. A few months later the publication of the paper was permanently discontinued. In March, 1868, an exceedingly ultra Democratic newspaper entitled The Copperhead, previously published at Pella, Marion County, was removed to Ottumwa. M. V. B. Bennett, H. M McCully, and S. B Evans here continued its publication until December of that year, when Mr. Bennett withdrew.

In December, 1870, Mr. McCully also withdrew. Mr. Evans, on thus succeeding to the sole editorship and proprietorship, immediately changed the name The Copperhead to that of the Ottumwa Democrat. Under the able and vigorous conduct of Mr. Evans the Democrat "still lives," and within the extended sphere of its political influence exerts a controlling power. A daily edition of the Democrat, which promises to become a successful and remunerative publication, was begun in the Spring of the current year. The Ottumwa Journal, A German weekly newspaper, established by A. Danquard, in 1871, has a considerable circulation among persons of that nationality in the county and vicinity. The Spirit of The Times, a weekly independent newspaper, was established at Ottumwa, by G. F. Foster, O. C. Graves, and N. M. Ives, constituting the Ottumwa Printing Company, in April, 1874. The Eddyville Free Press, J. W. Norris, editor, an independent newspaper, was started by a printing company at Eddyville, in 1853.Three years later it was changed to the Commercial, B. H. Palmer, editor. Three years later still it died. Then a period of three years intervened with no paper but the Observer J. T. Cooke, editor, which continued three months. At the end of these nine years, in 1862, Melick and McConnell started the Eddyville Star. The latter soon afterward went to the war, leaving the former alone. Upon the completion of yet another cycle of three years-in 1865, C. W. Sherman succeeded Mr. Melick, and in August of that year the Star forever disappeared. In March, 1866, Melick and Bitner started the Independent. Clement and Craig subsequently started the Gazette. Neither survived long. In 1869 the Eddyville Advertiser was established by W. L. Palmer, and is still conducted by the same publisher.Ottumwa, the county seat, is pleasantly situated on the north side of the Des Moines River, very nearly in the geographical center of the county.

EDDYVILLE is situated in the northwest corner of Wapello County, a part of it reaching over into Mahaska. It lies on the Des Moines River, and is surrounded by a very rich agricultural region. The Des Moines Valley Railroad passes through it, and is intersected at this point by the Iowa Central, giving the town the advantage of two roads. Eddyville is named after J. P. Eddy, who laid out the village in 1843. Mr. Eddy had been a trader with the Indians, and when they were removed he continued his store, which was for some time the only one in this part of the country. At one time Eddyville was a strong rival of Ottumwa, but the latter, from its location in reference to the trade of Southern Iowa and Northern Missouri, and doubtless other causes, outstripped its rival, which, although it has been doing a good, steady business, has grown and improved but little during the past few years. The business enterprises of Eddyville consist of six dry goods stores, five grocery stores, three drug stores, one hardware store, three millinery stores, two leather and saddlery stores, one boot and shoe store, two jewelry stores, two clothing stores, two furniture stores, one woollen goods store, one marble works, two lumber yards, two breweries, two saw mills, two grist mills, one woolen mill, four wagon manufactories, one plow factory, one packing house, and a variety of shops. There are also one private banking institution, a graded school building, brick, erected in 1868, at a cost of $20,000, an opera house, erected in 1874, Masonic and Odd Fellows halls, and Presbyterian, Congregational, Baptist, Methodist and Roman Catholic churches. Population, 1,300.
AGENCY CITY is situated on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, seven miles east of Ottumwa. It is the oldest town in the county, having been the Indian trading post when called the Indian Agency. The town contains Methodist Episcopal and Baptist churches, and a Congregational Society as yet without a church building; also two grist mills, two saw mills, two wagon manufactories, one carding mill, four dry goods stores, two drug stores, four groceries, one agricultural implement warehouse, various shops, etc. Population, 700.
KIRKVILLE, eleven miles northwest of Ottumwa, contains one Methodist church, one Presbyterian church, three dry goods and grocery stores, one drug store, saw and grist mills, and the usual shops. Population, 400.
ELDON is located at the crossing of the Keokuk and Des Moines, and southwestern division of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroads, in the southeastern part of the county, and is comparatively a new town, of railroad origin. Besides a Methodist Episcopal church, it contains three general stores and several shops. Population, 400.
BLAKESBURG, fifteen miles south of west of Ottumwa, is situated upon a high rolling prairie adjoining a heavy body of woodland. In the vicinity is an abundance of excellent coal. The town contains principally Methodist Episcopal, Baptist and Protestant methodist churches, one grist and one saw mill, five general stores, one drug store, wagon, blacksmith and other shops. Population, 350.
DAHLONEGA, four miles east of north of Ottumwa, originally settled by immigrants from DAHLONEGA, Lumpkin County, Georgia, was at fist nicknamed "Shellbark," from the fact that the primitive buildings ere erected of shell bark hickory logs, from which the bark had been stripped. The town was at an early day quite famous in the county, and at one time an aspiring rival of Ottumwa for the honor of being the county seat. It soon subsided, however, into insignificance. It now contains one Methodist Episcopal Church, two stores, and one or two shops. Population, 200.
CHILLICOTHE, on the south bank of the Des Moines River, eight miles northwest of Ottumwa, contains a Methodist Church, grist and saw mills, three general stores, and a few shops. Population, 200.
BLADENSBURG, ten miles northeast of Ottumwa, contains Christian and Methodist Episcopal Churches, saw and grist mills, and two general stores. Population, 250.
Ashland, Marysville, Port Richmond, Point Isabel and Ormanville are small hamlets. County Officers, 1875.-Treasurer, W. H. H. Asbury; Clerk of Courts, L. M. Godley; Auditor, W. H. Caldwell; Recorder, Wade Kirkpatrick; Sheriff, Thomas P. Spilman; Superintendent of Schools, Clay Wood; Surveyor, William McGlashon; Coroner, E. L. Lathrop; Supervisors, D. H. Michael, S. McCullough, S. M. Wright.

Wapello County Courthouse

A crude one-story log cabin served as the first courthouse in Ottumwa. It was torn down after a short time to make room for a $1,000 courthouse, which was built in 1846. The first floor of this building was used to hold court sessions, religious services, dances, political meetings, and school. The second story was used as office space. It was destroyed by fire in 1872.

A later courthouse was built of brick. It was used until 1891 when it was torn down to make way for the present courthouse. This courthouse is made of rough-cut sandstone and measures about 101 by 94 feet. The Indian chief Wapello, heroically stands on a pedestal which rests upon a gable high above the main entry. The courthouse, which was built for $135,000, was dedicated in 1894.

Wapello County, Iowa
History, Records, Facts and Genealogy

Records at the Wapello County Courthouse

See Also Iowa Land Records, Marriage Records, Court & Probate Records

Wapello County Vital Records

See Also Vital Records in Iowa

Wapello County Census Records

See Also Research In Census Records & Statewide Records that exist for Iowa

Wapello County Maps & Atlases

See Also Research In State Map Collections

Wapello County Military Records

See Also Military Records in Iowa

Wapello County Tax Records

See Also Research In Tax Records

Wapello County Genealogical Addresses

See Also Other Iowa Genealogical Addresses

Wapello County Church & Cemeteries

See Also Church & Cemetery Records in Iowa

Family Trees & Genealogy Tidbits

Extended History

Wapello County, Iowa History, Records, Facts and Genealogy

Records at the Wapello County Courthouse

See Also Iowa Land Records, Marriage Records, Court & Probate Records

Wapello County Vital Records

See Also Vital Records in Iowa

Wapello County Census Records

See Also Research In Census Records & Statewide Records that exist for Iowa

Wapello County Maps & Atlases

See Also Research In State Map Collections

Wapello County Military Records

See Also Military Records in Iowa

Wapello County Tax Records

See Also Research In Tax Records

Wapello County Genealogical Addresses

See Also Other Iowa Genealogical Addresses

Wapello County Church & Cemeteries

See Also Church & Cemetery Records in Iowa

Family Trees & Genealogy Tidbits

Extended History

Wapello County, Iowa
History, Records, Facts and Genealogy